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The common consequence of untreated syphilis infection is indeed heart disease. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. If left untreated, the infection can progress through various stages, ultimately leading to tertiary syphilis. This stage is characterized by serious health complications, one of which can include cardiovascular issues.

Specifically, tertiary syphilis can result in a condition known as syphilitic aortitis, where the walls of the aorta become weakened and can lead to aneurysms or other cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, untreated syphilis can result in systemic complications affecting various organs, but the cardiovascular system is significantly impacted due to its potential to cause damage over time.

The other options, while they may indicate serious health concerns, are not commonly associated with untreated syphilis. Severe headaches can occur for many reasons and are not a direct consequence of syphilis. Liver failure is more related to conditions like hepatitis or cirrhosis. Cognitive impairment may arise from various factors, but it is not a typical outcome of untreated syphilis compared to the well-documented cardiovascular complications.